Language Model Tag Descriptions
| Syntactic relations | Functional tags | Surface syntactic tags | Morphological tags |
| Tag | Explanation | Example |
|---|---|---|
| main | main element: main nucleus of the sentence; usu. main verb of the main clause |
The Berkeley UNIX mechanism for creating a virtual connection between processes. Sockets form the interface between UNIX standard I/O and network communication facilities. |
| qtag | tag question | It is cold, isn't it? |
| v-ch | verb chain: auxiliaries + main verb |
If you're running the mess-dos emulator, control-alt-insert will cause a soft boot of the emulator, while leaving the rest of the system running. |
| pm | preposed marker: grammatical marker of a subordinated clause. The marker (subordinating conjunction) itself doesn't have a syntactic function in the subordinated clause. |
Others go further and define software to be programs plus documentation though this does not correspond with common usage. |
| pcomp | prepositional complement: the head of a nominal construction (NP or non-finite clause or nominal clause) that, together with a preposition, forms a prepositional phrase. Usually a preposition precedes its complement, but also topicalised complements occur. |
They are in that red car. She is fond of walking long distances. What are you afraid of? |
| phr | verb particle: certain preposition-adverb homographs that form a phrasal verb with a verb |
She looked up the word in the dictionary. |
| subj | subject: the head of an NP that agrees in number with the verb in the clause. Often signals the semantic category called agent. |
John is in the kitchen. |
| agt | agent: The agent by-phrase in passive sentences. |
The dog was chased by the boys. |
| obj | object: the head of the other main nominal dependent of transitive verbs (and ditransitive verbs, together with indirect objects) |
John saw an apple. John gave him an apple. |
| comp | subject complement: the head of the other main nominal dependent of copular verbs. |
John remains a boy. What you see is what you get. John is foolish. |
| dat | indirect object: Ditransitive verbs can take three nominal dependents: subject, indirect object, object. |
John gave him an apple. |
| oc | object complement: a nominal category that occurs along with an object for object complementiser verbs. |
John called him a fool. John considers him foolish. |
| copred | copredicative | John regards him as foolish. |
| com | comitative | Drinking with you is nice. |
| voc | vocative | John, come here! |
| ins | instrument | He sliced the salami with the knife. |
| tmp | time | If you're running the mess-dos emulator, control-alt-insert will cause a soft boot of the emulator, while leaving the rest of the system running. |
| dur | duration | The OECD praises the relative stability of US unemployment as "remarkable", given the 50 per cent increase in the American US labour force in the past 25 years. |
| frq | frequency | It often involves the use of CASE tools. |
| qua | quantity | Singapore says more about this than Hong Kong. |
| man | manner | If Europe is so wonderful, they argue, why does its job creation record compare so poorly with that of the United States? |
| loc | location | That exacerbates a key problem in America, the skills gap. |
| sou | source | Policymakers in both seem to be moving away from the characteristics that defined them. |
| goa | goal | Virgin is expected to try to move to a full anti-trust trial. |
| pth | path | He travelled from Tokyo to Beijing. |
| cnt | contingency (purpose or reason) | The DTI was unable to say last night why the approach for Frances Colliery had been rejected. |
| cnd | condition | If Europe is so wonderful, they argue, why does its job creation record compare so poorly with that of the United States? |
| meta | clause adverbial | So far, the OECD has refused to disclose its country-by-country studies. |
| cla | clause initial adverbial | Under President Clinton, the highly flexible US labour market is becoming more regulated. |
| ha | heuristic prepositional phrase attachment | Eventually the beam will escape through the partially reflective mirror. |
| qn | quantifier | IFA Promotion, which represents more than 15,000 independent financial advisers, commissioned a random poll of new year resolutions. |
| det | determiner | Nearly a third of East Anglians resolved to stay healthy in 1995. |
| neg | negator | What a blessing the releases were not in Finnish! |
| attr | attributive nominal | By Philip Bassett, Industrial Editor. |
| mod | other postmodifier | Ministers will see the OECD report on the UK labour market as international recognition of their reform of one of the economy's most difficult areas. |
| ad | attributive adverbial | So much for modern technology. |
| cc | Coordination: The coordinating conjunction and one coordinated element are linked to the other coordinated element. Multiple coordinated elements are chained together. The upmost element in a chain shows the functional role of the coordinated units. | Jack and Jill bought some pins, nails and needles. |
| Tag | Explanation | Example |
|---|---|---|
| @+FAUXV | Finite auxiliary predicator | If you're running the mess-dos emulator, control-alt-insert will cause a soft boot of the emulator, while leaving the rest of the system running. |
| @-FAUXV | Nonfinite auxiliary predicator | Software can be split roughly into two main types - system software and application software or programs. |
| @+FMAINV | Finite main predicator | Sockets form the interface between UNIX standard I/O and network communication facilities. |
| @-FMAINV | Nonfinite main predicator | If you're running the mess-dos emulator, control-alt-insert will cause a soft boot of the emulator, while leaving the rest of the system running. |
| @SUBJ | Subject | Sockets form the interface between UNIX standard I/O and network communication facilities. |
| @F-SUBJ | Formal subject | There are various models of the software life-cycle, and many methodologies for the different phases. |
| @OBJ | Object | If you're running the mess-dos emulator, control-alt-insert will cause a soft boot of the emulator, while leaving the rest of the system running. |
| @I-OBJ | Indirect object | John gave him an apple. |
| @PCOMPL-S | Subject complement | A statistic that is content-free, or nearly so. |
| @PCOMPL-O | Object complement | This downloading, or "booting" process of the PC-installed software algorithms occurs as part of the computer's power-up initialisation process in less than 100 milliseconds, making it transparent to the user. |
| @ADVL | Adverbial | Others go further and define software to be programs plus documentation though this does not correspond with common usage. |
| @O-ADVL | Object adverbial | She let him walk the streets in the cold and in the rain. |
| @APP | Apposition | Software can be split roughly into two main types - system software and application software or programs. |
| @NH | Stray noun phrase | The Berkeley UNIX mechanism for creating a virtual connection between processes. |
| @VOC | Vocative | John, come here! |
| @A> | Premodifier of a nominal | These integrated algorithms are stored on the computer's hard disk, from which they are downloaded into the DSP board's random access memory (RAM). |
| @DN> | Determiner | If you're running the mess-dos emulator, control-alt-insert will cause a soft boot of the emulator, while leaving the rest of the system running. |
| @QN> | Premodifying quantifier | This downloading, or "booting" process of the PC-installed software algorithms occurs as part of the computer's power-up initialisation process in less than 100 milliseconds, making it transparent to the user. |
| @AD-A> | Intensifier | An optical laser works by bouncing photons back and forth between two mirrors, one totally reflective and one partially reflective. |
| @<NOM-OF | Postmodifying prepositional phrase beginning with of | If you're running the mess-dos emulator, control-alt-insert will cause a soft boot of the emulator, while leaving the rest of the system running. |
| @<AD-A | Postmodifying intensifier | Compuserve developed the GIF format for graphical images many years ago. |
| @<NOM | Postmodifier of a nominal | The Berkeley UNIX mechanism for creating a virtual connection between processes. |
| @INFMARK> | Infinitive marker to | Others go further and define software to be programs plus documentation though this does not correspond with common usage. |
| @<P-FMAINV | Nonfinite clause as preposition complement | The Berkeley UNIX mechanism for creating a virtual connection between processes. |
| @<P | Other preposition complement | If you're running the mess-dos emulator, control-alt-insert will cause a soft boot of the emulator, while leaving the rest of the system running. |
| @CC | Coordinating conjunction | Others go further and define software to be programs plus documentation though this does not correspond with common usage. |
| @CS | Subordinating conjunction | Others go further and define software to be programs plus documentation though this does not correspond with common usage. |
| @DUMMY | Unspecified | Hey, so-and-so needs an instruction to do such-and-such. |
| Tags in FDG | Explanation | Example |
|---|---|---|
| %>N | determiner or premodifier of a nominal | These integrated algorithms are stored on the computer's hard disk, from which they are downloaded into the DSP board's random access memory (RAM). |
| %NH | nominal head | Sockets form the interface between UNIX standard I/O and network communication facilities. |
| %N< | postmodifier of a nominal | The Berkeley UNIX mechanism for creating a virtual connection between processes. |
| %>A | premodifying adverb | An optical laser works by bouncing photons back and forth between two mirrors, one totally reflective and one partially reflective. |
| %AH | adverbial head (besides adverbs, applies to interjections, prepositions, and the negative particle) | Others go further and define software to be programs plus documentation though this does not correspond with common usage. |
| %A< | postmodifying adverb | He knew it well enough. |
| %AUX | auxiliary verb or particle | Software can be split roughly into two main types - system software and application software or programs. |
| %VP | main verb in a passive verb chain | These integrated algorithms are stored on the computer's hard disk, from which they are downloaded into the DSP board's random access memory (RAM). |
| %VA | main verb in an active verb chain | If you're running the mess-dos emulator, control-alt-insert will cause a soft boot of the emulator, while leaving the rest of the system running. |
| %>CC | Introducer of coordination | both Harry and Bill came |
| %CC | coordinating conjunction | Others go further and define software to be programs plus documentation though this does not correspond with common usage. |
| %CS | subordinating conjunction | Others go further and define software to be programs plus documentation though this does not correspond with common usage. |
| Part of speech | Subfeature | Explanation | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| N | noun | These integrated algorithms are stored on the computer's hard disk. | |
| -- case | NOM | nominative | These integrated algorithms are stored on the computer's hard disk. |
| GEN | genitive | These integrated algorithms are stored on the computer's hard disk. | |
| -- number | SG | singular | These integrated algorithms are stored on the computer's hard disk. |
| PL | plural | These integrated algorithms are stored on the computer's hard disk. |
With nouns, the obligatory tags include 'N' and case. In Conexor FDG, the obligatory tags for nouns include 'N', case, and number.
| ABBR | abbreviation | "SODA Manual of Operation", R. C. Brigham and C. G. Bell, School of Elec Eng, U New S Wales, Sydney, NSW (1958) | |
| -- case and number like in nouns |
With abbreviations, the obligatory tags include 'ABBR' and case. In Conexor FDG, the obligatory tags for abbreviations include 'ABBR', case and number.
| A | adjective | These integrated algorithms are stored on the computer's hard disk, from which they are downloaded into the DSP board's random access memory (RAM). | |
| -- comparison | ABS | absolutive | big |
| CMP | comparative | bigger | |
| SUP | superlative | biggest |
With adjectives, the obligatory tags include 'A' and degree of comparison.
| NUM | numeral | Software can be split roughly into two main types - system software and application software or programs. | |
| CARD | cardinal | 2010 | |
| ORD | ordinal | first | |
| -- number | SG | fraction, singular | one-third |
| PL | fraction, plural | two-thirds |
With numerals, the obligatory tags include 'NUM' and either 'CARD' or 'ORD'.
| PRON | pronoun | Others go further and define software to be programs plus documentation though this does not correspond with common usage. | |
| -- case and related features | NOM | nominative | others |
| GEN | genitive | other's | |
| ACC | accusative | him | |
| INDEP | the independent genitive form functioning always as head of a noun phrase | theirs | |
| -- number | SG | singular | other |
| SG1 | singular, first person | me | |
| SG3 | singular, third person | him | |
| PL | plural | others | |
| PL1 | plural, first person | us | |
| PL3 | plural, third person | them | |
| -- comparison | ABS | absolutive | much |
| CMP | comparative | more | |
| SUP | superlative | most | |
| -- other pronoun subfeatures | PERS | personal | us |
| DEM | demonstrative | these | |
| RECIPR | reciprocal | each other | |
| WH | relative or interrogative pronoun beginning with the letters 'wh' or 'how' | which | |
| <Interr> | interrogative | why | |
| <Refl> | reflexive | herself | |
| <Rel> | relative | which |
With pronouns, the only obligatory tag is 'PRON'. The anglebracket tags occur in front of the 'PRON' tag, when relevant. After the 'PRON' tag come the tags 'PERS', 'RECIPR', 'WH', 'DEM', or degree of comparison, when relevant. Next is the place for case, then number, and last, 'INDEP', when relevant.
| DET | determiner | If you're running the mess-dos emulator, control-alt-insert will cause a soft boot of the emulator, while leaving the rest of the system running. | |
| -- case | GEN | genitive | whose |
| -- number | SG | singular | an option |
| PL | plural | these options | |
| -- comparison | ABS | absolutive | many options |
| CMP | comparative | more options | |
| SUP | superlative | most options | |
| -- other subfeatures of determiners | DEM | demonstrative | this option |
| WH | determiner beginning with the letters 'wh' or 'how' | which option |
With determiners, the only obligatory tag is 'DET'. In Conexor FDG, the obligatory tags for determiners include 'DET' and number. In the ordering of the morphological tags, the number tag is the last one and the case tag second to last, when relevant.
| ADV | adverb | Others go further and define software to be programs plus documentation though this does not correspond with common usage. | |
| -- comparison | ABS | absolutive | far |
| CMP | comparative | further | |
| SUP | superlative | furthest | |
| -- other subfeatures for adverbs | <Ex> | existential there | There are various models of the software life-cycle, and many methodologies for the different phases. |
| WH | adverb beginning with the letters 'wh' or 'how' | why |
With adverbs, the obligatory tags include 'ADV'. The anglebracket tag again occurs in front of the 'ADV' tag, when relevant.
| ING | present participle | The Berkeley UNIX mechanism for creating a virtual connection between processes. | |
| EN | past participle | These integrated algorithms are stored on the computer's hard disk, from which they are downloaded into the DSP board's random access memory (RAM). |
| V | verb; used only for finite verbs and infinitives | Others go further and define software to be programs plus documentation though this does not correspond with common usage. | ||
| AUXMOD | modal auxiliary | would | ||
| INF | infinitive | would be | ||
| IMP | imperative | John, come here! | ||
| SUBJUNCTIVE | subjunctive | The casket be brought in. | ||
| -- tense | PRES | present tense | are | |
| PAST | past tense | were | ||
| -- person | SG1 | singular, first person | am | |
| SG3 | singular, third person | is | ||
| -- other subfeatures for verbs | <N+> | noun-verb combination | India's got.. |
With verbs, the obligatory tags include 'V' and one of the following: 'AUXMOD', 'INF', 'IMP', or tense. With tense, person is possible. The subfeature <N+> is placed before the 'V' tag when relevant.
| INTERJ | interjection | Hey, so-and-so needs an instruction to do such-and-such. | |
| CC | coordinating conjunction | and | |
| CS | subordinating conjunction | if | |
| PREP | preposition | of | |
| NEG-PART | the negative particle | are not, aren't | |
| INFMARK> | infinitive marker | to do this in order to do that | |
| Heur | mark for unknown word; occurs in front of a part-of-speech tag | mechansim |
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